ABSTRACT.
Currently, the diet of Russians is still far from optimal, due to the insufficient content of fruits, vegetables, and dairy products in their diets, coupled with excessive amounts of sugar, salt, and foods containing animal fat and trans fats. This leads to the development of nutrition-related diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, obesity, gout, osteoporosis, and others. Disruptions in food consumption patterns lead to inadequate micronutrient intake. To compensate for their deficiency in food, it is necessary to enrich the diet with vitamins and minerals by means of vitamin-mineral supplements (VMS).
The aim of the study is to analyze the consumption and availability of micronutrients in the adult and child population of Russia based on Rosstat data and literature and to formulate criteria for effective dietary supplements to eliminate the identified deficiencies.
Materials and methods.
The consumption of individual micronutrients by the adult population of Russia and the relative proportion of individuals whose dietary intake of micronutrients does not reach the recommended daily intake (RDA) were calculated based on Rosstat data. A literature search was conducted using the Russian Science Citation Index (RSCI) database and Google Scholar.
Results.
Overlapping micronutrient deficiencies are common in the majority of the Russian population, i.e., a simultaneous deficiency of several vitamins and minerals; isolated deficiency of any single micronutrient is rare. The most common combinations of deficient micronutrients remain vitamins D and B, along with calcium, magnesium, potassium, iodine, and zinc. Criteria for the effective use of VMS include the composition and form of the micronutrients they contain, doses close to physiological requirements, and the duration and continuity of dietary supplementation, because after discontinuing VMS use, the body gradually returns to a state of insufficient supply due to micronutrient deficiencies in the regular diet.
Conclusion.
To correct existing multiple micronutrient deficiencies, to ensure full compliance between the body's vitamin and mineral needs and dietary intake, and to eliminate risk factors associated with vitamin and mineral deficiencies in the diet, it is advisable to use multicomponent VMS.
KEYWORDS: micronutrients, consumption, vitamin-mineral supplements, biologically active food supplements.
For citation: Risnik D.V., Kodentsova V.M., Pogozheva A.V. Key micronutrient deficiencies in the Russian population's diet: possibilities of dietary supplements to address these deficiencies. Trace elemets in medicine. 2026;27(3):3-15. DOI: 10.19112/2413-6174-2026-27-3-3-15
REFERENCES
Brusentsova A.V., Guseva P.A., Pospelova I.A., Turchaninov D.V., Kozubenko O.V. Hygienic assessment of potassium intake from food. Pacific Medical Journal. 2023; 3: 52–56. DOI: 10.34215/1609-1175-2023-3-52-56 (in Russian).
Sample Surveys of Population Diet in 2018 [Electronic Resource]. Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat). Publication Date: May 30, 2019. URL: https://rosstat.gov.ru/free_doc/new_site/food18/index.html (Accessed: December 20, 2023).
Sample Surveys of Population Diet in 2023 [Electronic Resource]. Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat). Publication Date: May 31, 2024. URL: https://rosstat.gov.ru/free_doc/new_site/food23/index.html (Accessed: March 26, 2025) (in Russian).
Gaykov M.O. Fiziologicheskaya otsenka postupleniya s pishchey magniya, kaliya, vitaminov C i B6 u meditsinskikh rabotnikov g. Khanty-Mansiyska [Physiological assessment of dietary intake of magnesium, potassium, vitamins C and B6 in healthcare workers of Khanty-Mansiysk]. Ul'yanovskiy mediko-biologicheskiy zhurnal. 2024; 3: 68–77. DOI: 10.34014/2227-1848-2024-3-68-77 (in Russian).
Gorbachev V.V., Nikitin I.A., Velina D.A., Metallibzoda Sh., Balashova M.S. Assessment of consumer preferences of Russians: «average ration trap». Izvestiya vuzov. Food Technology. 2022; 6(390): 90–98. DOI: 10.26297/0579-3009.2022.6.3. (In Russian).
Zakharova I.N., Soloveva E.A., Tvorogova T.M., Sugian N.G. Differentiated approach to correcting low vitamin D status in ado-lescent girls in Moscow. Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council. 2021; 17: 256–263; https://doi.org/10.21518/2079-701X-2021-17-256-263. (In Russian).
Zelenkovskaya E.E., Larionova T.K., Daukaev R.A., Musabirov D.E., Allayarova G.R., Afonkina S.R., Fazlieva A.S., Aukhadieva E.A., Kurilov M.V. Analysis of the actual nutrition in primary school students of the Republic of Bashkortostan. Hygiene and Sanitation. 2022; 101(12): 1562–1567. (In Russian).
Unified sanitary-epidemiological and hygienic requirements for products (goods) subject to sanitary-epidemiological supervision (control) (Chapter II. Section 1. Requirements for the safety and nutritional value of food products). (Adopted by The decision of the Council of the Eurasian economic Commission of May 28, 2010 No. 299). Moscow, 2010. Retrieved from https://docs.cntd.ru/document/902249109. Accessed May 24, 2021. (In Russian).
Ermakova O.A., Kulesh T.A. Assessment of the vitamin and mineral status of students of Perm State Medical University. International Student Scientific Bulletin. 2018; 5. URL: https://eduherald.ru/ru/article/view?id=19132 (date accessed: 01.03.2025). (In Russian).
Kodentsova V.M., Beketova N.A., Nikitjuk D.B., Tutelyan V.A. Characteristics of vitamin provision in the adult population of the Russian Federation. The Russian Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2018; 21(4): 32–37. DOI: 10.17116/profmed201821432. (In Russian).
Kodentsova V.M., Vrzhesinskaya O.A. The analysis of domestic and international policy of food fortification with vitamins. Voprosy pitaniia [Problems of nutrition]. 2016; 85(2): 31–50. (In Russian).
Kodentsova V.M., Risnik D.V Micronutrient metabolic networks and multiple micronutrient deficiency: a rationale for the advantages of vitamin-mineral supplements. Trace elements in medicine. 2020. 21(4): 3−20. DOI: 10.19112/2413-6174-2020-21-4-3-20. (In Russian).
Kodentsova V.M., Risnik D.V., Ladodo O.B. Vitamin consumption: contributions of separate products and effects of different diets. Meditsinskiy opponent = Medical Opponent 2021; 1(13): 48–56. (In Russian).
Kodentsova V.M., Risnik D.V., Moiseenok A.G. Algorithm for effective application of vitamin-mineral complexes. Journal of the Grodno State Medical University. 2024; 22(2): 177–184; https://doi.org/10.25298/2221-8785-2024-22-2-177-184. (In Russian).
Kodentsova V.M., Risnik D.V., Pavlovich S.V., Klimov V.A., Ladodo O.B. The abilities of vitamin and mineral supplements during the COVID-19 pandemic. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2022; (5): 43–52. https://dx.doi.org/10.18565/aig.2022.5.43-52. (In Russian).
Kozubenko O.V., Menshchikova Yu.V., Turchaninova M.S., Menshchikov M.P., Vilms E.А. Hygienic characteristics of changes in the nutritional status of adult population in the Omsk region during the implementation of Demography national project. Fundamental and Clinical Medicine. 2024;9(3):29-38. (In Russian.); https://doi.org/10.23946/2500-0764-2024-9-3-29-38. (In Russian).
Kuzmin S.V., Setko A.G., Rusakov V.N. Nutrition and nutrient status characteristics in mining workers. Hygiene and Sanitation. 2025; 104(11): 1475–1479. (In Russian.); https://doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2025-104-11-1475-1479. (In Russian).
Ladodo O.B., Risnik D.V., Pavlovich S.V., Kodentsova V.M. Vitamin- Mineral Supplements for Correction of Multiple Micronutrient Deficiency in Children. Meditsinskiy opponent = Medical Opponent. 2025; 3(31): 17–21. (In Russian.)]. DOI: 10.64831/2619-0001-2025-3-17-21. (In Russian).
Lobykina A.A., Proskuryakova L.А. Social and psychological adaptation at various levels of risk of magnesium deficiency. Zdravookhranenie Rossiiskoi Federatsii (Health Care of the Russian Federation, Russian journal). 2022; 66(1): 47–54. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.47470/0044-197X-2022-66-1-47-54. (In Russian).
Martusevich A.K., Karuzin K.A. Cohort study of microelement status in “healthy” population of Russian megapolis. BioMedicine. 2019: 9(3): 6. DOI: 10.37796/2211-8039.1626.
Malikova B.T., Soltakhanov E.M., Krivtsov A.V., Tuchalova A.T., Nogovitsina E.M. The role of iodine deficiency and anthropogenic factors in the epidemiology and pathogenesis of goiter in children. Perm Medical Journal. 2025; 42(6): 20–35. DOI: 10.17816/pmj42620-35. (In Russian).
Norms of physiological needs for energy and nutrients for various groups of the population of the Russian Federation: Methodological recommendations. M.: Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare. 2021; 72 p. (In Russian).
Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics: National Guidelines. Edited by V.A. Tutelyan, D.B. Nikityuk, 3rd ed., revised and enlarged. M.: GEOTAR-Media. 2026; 1040 p. (Series «National Guidelines»). DOI: 10.33029/9704-9592-6-NНD-2026-1-1040. ISBN 978-5-9704-9592-6. (In Russian).
On the state of sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population in the Russian Federation in 2024: State report. Moscow: Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing. 2025; 424 p. ISBN 978–5–7508–2350–5. (In Russian).
Odinaeva N.D., Kondratyeva E.I., Loshkova E.V., Osmanov I.M., Khavkin A.I., Zakharova I.N., Shubina Yu.F., Pasnova E.V., Ponomarenko Yu.B. Seasonal variations in serum vitamin D levels in children and adults with various diseases. Vopr. det. dietol. (Pediatric Nutrition). 2022; 20(2): 29–37. DOI: 10.20953/1727-5784-2022-2-29-37 (In Russian).
Petrushkina AA, Pigarova EA, Rozhinskaya LYa. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Russian Federation. Osteoporosis and bone diseases. 2018; 21(3): 15–20; https://doi.org/10.14341/osteo10038. (In Russian).
Pryanichnikova N.I., Dubenko S.E., Mazhaeva T.V. Provision of health-saving nutrition of preschool children in organized groups of the Sverdlovsk Region. Zdorov’e naseleniya i sreda obitaniya (ZNiSO) [Public Health and Life Environment (PH&LE)]. 2019; (9): 27–32; https://doi.org/10.35627/2219-5238/2019-318-9-27-32. (In Russian).
Svistunova N.A., Naletov A.V., Masyuta D.I. Some indicators of nutritional security of children with restrictive types of nutrition. Siberian Scientific Medical Journal. 2023; 43(5): 157–162; https://doi.org/10.18699/SSMJ20230517. (In Russian).
Sizova E.P., Lobkis M.A., Romanenko S.P., Gavrish S.M., Sorokina A.V. Assessment of Actual Nutrition of Schoolchildren in the Republic of Tatarstan Based on the Results of Monitoring Activities. Public Health and Life Environment – PH&LE. 2022; 2: 37–46; https://doi.org/10.35627/2219-5238/2022-30-2-37-46. (In Russian).
Suplotova L.A., Avdeeva V.A., Pigarova E.A., Rozhinskaya L.Ya., Troshina E.A. Vitamin D deficiency in Russia: the first results of a registered, noninterventional study of the frequency of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in various geographic regions of the country. Problems of Endocrinology. 2021; 67(2): 84–92. DOI: 10.14341/probl12736. (In Russian).
Frolova O.A., Tafeeva E.A., Frolov D.N., Vyachina I.N. The consumption of vitamins by the population of working age (on the example of Republic of Tatarstan). Gigiena i Sanitaria (Hygiene and Sanitation, Russian journal) 2019; 98(5): 546–549; http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2019-98-5-546-549. (In Russian).
Nutrition Epidemiology: Russia 2018–2023. Ed. by V.A. Tutelyan and D.B. Nikityuk. M.: TD DeLi. 2024; 270 p. ISBN 978-5-6051148-4-0. (In Russian).
Yambulatov A.M., Ustinova O.Yu. Hygienic assessment of environmental factors that cause insufficient provision with vitamins among pre-school children. Health Risk Analysis. 2018; 4: 66–74. DOI: 10.21668/health.risk/2018.4.07.eng. (In Russian).
Ahvanooei M.R., Norouzian M.A., Vahmani P. Beneficial effects of vitamins, minerals, and bioactive peptides on strengthening the immune system against COVID-19 and the role of cow’s milk in the supply of these nutrients. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2022; 200(11): 4664–4677. .: 10.1007/s12011-021-03045-x.
FIGO Committee Report. Good clinical practice advice: Micronutrients in the periconceptional period and pregnancy. Int J Gynecol Obstet 2019; 144: 317–321; https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.12739
Haider B.A., Bhutta Z.A. Multiple‐micronutrient supplementation for women during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017; 4: CD004905. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004905.pub5.
Jakobsen J., Christensen T Natural Vitamin D in Food: To What Degree Does 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Contribute to the Vitamin D Activity in Food? JBMR Plus (WOA), 2021; 5(1): e10453. DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10453.
Jakše B. Placing a well-designed vegan diet for slovenes. Nutrients. 2021; 13(12): 4545. DOI: 10.3390/nu13124545.
Keats E.C., Neufeld L.M., Garrett G.S., Mbuya M.N.N., Bhutta Z.A. Improved micronutrient status and health outcomes in low- and middle-income countries following large-scale fortification: evidence from a systematic review and metaanalysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2019; 109(6): 1696–1708. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz023.
Mathias M.G., Coelho‐Landell C.D.A., Scott‐Boyer M.P., Lacroix S., Morine M.J., Salomão R.G., de Barros T.T. Clinical and vitamin response to a short‐term multi‐micronutrient intervention in Brazilian children and teens: From population data to interindividual responses. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2018; 62(6): 1700613. DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700613.
Mladěnka P, Macáková K, Kujovská Krčmová L, Javorská L, Mrštná K, Carazo A, Protti M, Remião F., Nováková L; OEMONOM researchers and collaborators. Vitamin K: sources, physiological role, kinetics, deficiency, detection, therapeutic use, and toxicity. Nutr Rev. 2022; 80(4): 677–698. DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuab061.
Rondanelli M., Faliva M.A., Barrile G.C., Cavioni A., Mansueto F., Mazzola G., Oberto L., Patelli Z., Pirola M., Tartara A., Riva A., Petrangolini G., Peroni G. Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Dietary Supplementation to Prevent Bone Mineral Density Loss: A Food Pyramid. Nutrients. 2021; 14(1):74. DOI: 10.3390/nu14010074.
Rondanelli M., Barrile G.C., Cavioni A., Donati P., Genovese E., Mansueto F., Mazzola G., Patelli Z., Pirola M., Razza C., Russano S., Sivieri C., Tartara A., Valentini E.M., Perna S. A Narrative Review on Strategies for the Reversion of Prediabetes to Normoglycemia: Food Pyramid, Physical Activity, and Self-Monitoring Innovative Glucose Devices. Nutrients. 2023; 15(23): 4943. DOI: 10.3390/nu15234943.
Information about the authors:
Dmitry V. Risnik – Ph.D. (Biol.), Faculty of Biology
E-mail: biant3@mail.ru; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3389-8115; SPIN: 4631-2230
Vera M. Kodentsova – Dr.Sc. (Biol.), Professor, Chief Research Scientist, Laboratory of Vitamins and Minerals
E-mail: kodentsova@ion.ru; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5288-1132; SPIN: 8470-1211
Alla V. Pogozheva – Dr.Sc. (Med.), Professor, Leading Research Scientist
of the Laboratory of Demography and Nutrition Epidemiology
E-mail: allapogozheva@yandex.ru; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3983-0522; SPIN: 7428-8920
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no obvious and potential conflicts of interest related to the publication of this article.
Authors' contributions
D.V. Risnik – data management, calculation of micronutrient intake based on sample dietary observations of the adult population, creation of tables, drafting of the manuscript; V. M. Kodentsova – concept definition, data processing, manuscript revision and editing; A. V. Pogozheva – manuscript validation, revision and editing. All authors participated in data analysis and interpretation and gave final approval to the manuscript for publication.
Funding
The research was carried out using subsidies for the implementation of a state task (FGMF-2025-00012).